tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-23055732486118844842024-03-13T22:59:51.840-07:00Arizona Innocence Project: Faulty Forensics and False Convictions Rachel Kuntzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04939420057957079187noreply@blogger.comBlogger8125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2305573248611884484.post-52414731511314634372016-04-24T14:38:00.002-07:002016-04-24T14:38:41.727-07:00Forensics and The Law<div dir="ltr" id="docs-internal-guid-ccfd6bf2-4a6c-ebf6-98e9-4413e8877367" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hello Readers, </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In my last post I discussed </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Convicting the Innocent</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> which discusses how false or misleading forensic evidence contributed in the first 250 DNA exonerations case. It discussed several types of forensic practices and how they can be twisted or how they can be just flat out bad “science.” This week I wanted to talk about some ways the law regulates these possibly unreliable practices and how we can keep lies from coming into our courtrooms.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">So, first of all, almost all experts are paid for their testimony by the party who called them, whether they be for the defense or plaintiff. There may be a few good souls who do pro bono (free) work, but this is rare. This should </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">not </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">affect their testimony nor bias them in any way, and it is illegal to pay an expert to give a certain opinion. That being said, we can’t always be sure whether an expert is biased, and further most parties will choose experts who they expect to give a favorable opinion. It is the job of the opposing counsel to obtain testimony about whether the expert is being paid, whether the their payment is biasing their testimony, or whether any other factor is biasing their testimony. If this information isn’t brought out on the stand, the jury will never hear it. For prosecution’s witnesses in particular, many of the analysts called work for law enforcement, which also has the potential to affect their testimony. Analysts do not typically work blind, so if for example a suspect confesses, they may know that when they’re working, giving them an idea of what the “right” conclusion is supposed to be. Again, if this information is not brought out on the stand, the jury will never know whether the information they had about the crime affected their judgement.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">The two big court cases that regulate expert testimony are </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">and </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Frye v. United States</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">In</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> Frye, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">the court considered the admissibility of a practice called the systolic blood pressure test, which is kind of like a polygraph test. As a result of this case, the court imposed a new burden on expert testimony: it must be “generally accepted” by the relevant scientific community. The big problem with this standard is its vagueness. What counts as generally accepted? Does a majority of the community have to accept it? A large percentage? Does it have to be unchallenged? How much research has to be done on a theory before it counts? But then again, a lot of standards in law are kept vague in order to apply to a variety of cases. Something can sound nice and specific, and then we need to start making a million exceptions because unique situations come up where the standard just doesn’t work. But it also leaves a lot of room for interpretation. It also seemed to contradict Rule 702, which states that if scientific or technical knowledge will help the trier of fact (the judge or the jury) understand the evidence or decide the facts of an issue, a qualified expert may testify. It’s possible Rule 702 could allow a witness to testify, while the </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Frye </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">standard says the evidence isn’t generally accepted. So which one should a judge prioritize?</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Luckily, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Daubert </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">created a bit more clarity. First, it clarified that Rule 702 was the decider of admissibility for expert testimony. It also made the judge the “gatekeepers” when it comes to expert testimony relying upon scientific evidence, and they had to decide whether evidence is scientifically reliable. But this left judges confused as to which practices to apply </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Daubert. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This led to the amending of Rule 702, which laid more specific guidelines for applying </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Daubert </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">and more specific guidelines for what to consider regarding admitting expert testimony. These guidelines aren’t meant for the judge to decide whether an expert’s conclusions are correct, rather whether they were reached used scientifically valid evidence and practices. Unfortunately, judges are not scientists and may not have the knowledge to properly decide when to admit evidence. Therefore, faulty forensic testimony is often still allowed. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This is not meant to be a comprehensive list of every law regarding expert testimony, but these are the major cases that litigate the issue. I’ve also been working hard on my final presentation and product, and I’m very excited to talk about what I’ve learned.</span></div>
Rachel Kuntzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04939420057957079187noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2305573248611884484.post-59233752073706918112016-04-11T13:46:00.000-07:002016-04-11T13:46:07.713-07:00March 28-April1: Convicting the Innocent<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hello Readers,</span></div>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-bb20deae-070e-1e11-50d6-d24cc7395510" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">This week I’ve been working on a case in the federal habeas process. I’ve been reading old briefs, familiarizing myself with news articles and other media on the case, and researching information on the experts who testified in the trial and appeals process. I also sat in on a phone conversation between Colleen and the client. Those interactions are important to me personally because it’s a reminder that false convictions are not just statistics; they’re real people with real lives facing dire consequences for crimes they did not commit. </span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I’ve also been reading some of Brandon L. Garrett’s </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Convicting the Innocent</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. This book explores the first 250 DNA exonerations in the United States and asks the question “What went wrong?” So far, I’ve only read the chapters relevant to my project, but it’s so interesting that I might just have to get my own copy and read the whole thing. The chapters I’ve read so far are his Introduction and his chapter titled Flawed Forensics. In the introduction, Garrett overviews all the mistakes made in the 250 exonerations. The mistakes he delves into are false confession, wrongful identification by victims or eyewitnesses, flawed forensics, criminal informants, and ineffective defense counsel. </span></div>
<b style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">His chapter Flawed Forensics specifically explores what went wrong with the forensics in the relevant exonerations. One thing he says that particularly resonates with me due to the cases I’ve been working on with AIP was that he expected the analysts to do the best they could with the science and technology that they had. He expected the flawed results to merely be unavoidable mistakes due to unsophisticated science or limited technology. Afterall, these exoneration cases are decades old. But he was shocked to learn that “even by the standards of the 1980’s...forensics analysts should have know the evidence they presented was unsound.” This is also what I’ve found working at AIP. In the case I spent all of February working on, the analyst who testified to the damning “scientific” practice that convicted AIP’s client had published work showing the practice to be unreliable. He knowingly hid this information at trial and testified to evidence he knew to be scientifically baseless. In the case I’m currently familiarizing myself with, the prosecution’s trial expert also has published work that contradicts the testimony he gave at trial against AIP’s client. Garrett goes into stories about forensics evidence that was “simply false.” It’s infuriating to think that some analysts taking the stand are knowingly distorting evidence, because by doing so not only are they putting the wrong people in jail, they are often protecting the guilty party. </span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Furthermore, many of these forensic practices have no scientific definition of consistent, meaning there is no agreed upon way to test or examine them and therefore they are completely subjective and based on the opinion of the individual analysts rather than scientifically sound evidence. An example of this is bite mark comparison, which is a method formerly used to compare bite marks found on victims to teeth molds of suspects. Two years ago, I went to see Ray Krone speak, a man who spent ten years on death row for a murder that DNA later showed he did not commit. Bite mark comparison was the forensic evidence used to connect him to the crime. The problem with this practice is that whether the bite marks look alike, and how alike they appear to be, is completely up to the individual analyst. In fact, the prosecutors met with an analyst who said that the teeth molds from Ray Krone were distinctly different from the bite mark on the victim. This analyst was not called to testify at trial, and his opinion was not disclosed to the defense. Because of cases like Ray Krone’s, bite mark comparison can now only be used to exclude suspects (for example, if a bite mark on a victim had more teeth than a suspect, then that information could be used to show that suspect definitely is not the perpetrator.) It’s great that this progress is being made, but it came at the cost of Ray Krone and others spending decades in prison. And there are practices that are equally as subjective still being used today.</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Even scientifically sound evidence is never completely infallible. The TED Talk I posted a few weeks ago goes into the mistakes that can lead to flawed DNA evidence (linked here: </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lw-zyoYlIsA" style="text-decoration: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1155cc; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: underline; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lw-zyoYlIsA</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">). In his book, Garrett says that in 3 out of the 250 cases DNA wrongfully showed guilt. In these cases, one analyst did not finish this testing (which later showed the exoneree’s innocence), another analyst misrepresented the statistics, wrongfully saying the DNA found uniquely identified the defendant, and the other involved a laboratory error. That is not to say that DNA is not a highly sophisticated science; DNA is very important and it is much more likely that it will reveal the truth than cause a false conviction. In every single one of the exonerations discussed in this book, DNA ultimately freed these inmates. This is just a reminder that no evidence is perfect.</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I think false convictions are often viewed as highly rare and the sacrifice we need to make to put the “bad guys” away. But this book offers insight into systemic problems that are certainly not uncommon and have most definitely affected more people than the 250 exonerees that this book covers. This is a complex topic that I will need more than one blog post to discuss. If you want to know more, please continue to follow my blog and consider checking out this book. Until next time.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bibliography</span></div>
<br /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Garrett, Brandon. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: italic; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Convicting the Innocent: Where Criminal Prosecutions Go Wrong</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2011. Print. </span>Rachel Kuntzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04939420057957079187noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2305573248611884484.post-91208662966295586612016-03-29T12:20:00.000-07:002016-03-29T12:20:02.701-07:00March 21-25: Things Are Changing Again<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hello Readers,</span></div>
<b id="docs-internal-guid-b857bdef-c3d0-e708-6305-38158edca0f0" style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></b>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">As you may have noticed, once again the title of my blog has changed to more accurately reflect my project. But it feels like things are actually coming together. The work I’m doing is fascinating, but after a month at AIP, it felt like my project needed more focus. Colleen made a suggestion that really pulled everything together and pinpointed the true similarity in the cases I’ve been working: faulty forensic evidence in innocence cases.</span></div>
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<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Forensic science is science as it applies to law. In criminal cases this can include ballistics, DNA, toxicology, fingerprinting, and much more. These can all testified to by experts in criminal trials. But not all forensic sciences are created equal, and often these methods have no grounding in science at all, and are thus now becoming more accurately referred to as forensic practices. Misuse of forensic practices can often lead to false conviction. Even more sophisticated forensics, such as DNA, which is very well grounded in science, are subject to human error at the cost of innocent people. This is what I’d like to explore more with my project.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br class="kix-line-break" /></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">So, what happens from here? Well, my project doesn’t actually change all that much. I’ll be doing what I’ve been doing, but I’ll be honing in more specifically on the evidence used to convict, which in many cases is misused or faulty forensic science. This week I’ll be reading some chapters from Convicting the Innocent by Brandon L. Garrett, which generally explains forensics and I’ll update on how that goes next week.</span>Rachel Kuntzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04939420057957079187noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2305573248611884484.post-168199700302241092016-03-11T16:32:00.001-08:002016-03-11T16:32:49.815-08:00March 7-11: Why It's Important<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This week Colleen got a very exciting phone call from
the client whose case I was working on. Basically, he was thrilled with the
brief Colleen wrote (the one I helped with)! He says he’s going to frame it and
read it every day. Obviously all the credit goes to Colleen on that one for
being a phenomenal lawyer and writer. But to play a part in that (after hours
of reading and rereading trial transcript, checking citations, and suggesting
new ones)—I can’t imagine a more rewarding feeling. It’s just absolutely
mind-boggling that an innocent man had spent all this time in jail, thinking he
was guilty because of false evidence, and that I had the honor of playing even
a small part in helping him. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">We still don’t have the ruling from the court, but
giving a client a chance to tell his story honestly and to make him feel
validated and believed is a very proud moment for me. I’m incredibly impressed
by Colleen, not to mention Cheryl Anaya, our Senior Legal Assistant. With just a few weeks at AIP, I
imagine it’s very tough. There are a lot of cases that AIP can’t do much for;
even if we believe they’re innocent, some cases are just harder to work with,
and AIP has to turn down people who need help. But I got to help a real, live
person. Another human’s life is changed for the better and I got to help with
that, and for me that’s enough to know this project and people like Colleen and
Cheryl are important.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This week I also watched this video: </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lw-zyoYlIsA"><span style="color: #1155cc;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lw-zyoYlIsA</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a Ted Talk on
DNA evidence. More specifically, how DNA evidence fails. I highly recommend it.
It’s interesting because DNA is seen as so infallible, and while it is a
sophisticated science that is continuously improving, it’s not perfect. Juries
are often told not to rely on one piece of evidence alone, but when it comes to
DNA, if there’s evidence against you, that’s usually it. Things are never that simple
though; if they were it wouldn’t be law.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
Rachel Kuntzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04939420057957079187noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2305573248611884484.post-74469389062499637372016-03-07T17:28:00.001-08:002016-03-07T17:28:41.830-08:00February 29-March 4: Understanding the Processes So Far<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hello Readers,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The brief for the case
I’ve been discussing over the past few posts is due this week, so all the work
on that has been done by Colleen. By the time you are reading this, the brief
has already been filed and our work for this case is complete for now.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So what have I been up
to? My work has been a little different this week. I’ve actually been working on
case intake for two Spanish cases that AIP has received. AIP receives letters
and documents for cases, and we have to look over and decide what we can do for
them. To do this, we look over everything we have for them and fill out a form
with as much information as we can find regarding their case. I’ve been doing
intake for two Spanish-speaking cases. This has definitely been a challenge
because I do not consider myself fluent. That being said, it’s
been a great way to brush up on my Spanish, and the second case was definitely
easier to read than the first. Luckily, at this stage, AIP doesn’t need a
perfect translation—we’re just seeking to get an initial understanding of what
the prisoner says happened and how that compares to the (English-language)
court documents. It’s been interesting to read these people’s stories and learn
about the process that AIP goes through to take their cases.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meanwhile, at my job as
an assistant in a local law office, we’ve been preparing one of our cases for
trial. I thought the timing of the trial and the due date to file the motion
for our case at AIP was a great opportunity to compare processes. So this week
I want to go over in more detail the difference between trials, appeals, and
post-conviction relief.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Trial Law</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Trial law is basically
the first step in this whole process. I’ll be talking specifically about the
criminal process because that’s what I’m familiar with. So, let’s say you are
accused of a crime. A report is filed against you or a grand <sup>jury</sup>
indicts you, and right away you have the option to plead guilty, not guilty, or
sometimes, no contest. If you can’t afford a lawyer, you are provided a public
defender or appointed lawyer. Then, most people choose to plead not guilty, at
least initially. From there, your lawyer is going to start looking for all the
information they can find that could show you are innocent or that could
undermine the State’s evidence against you such that they cannot prove guilt
beyond a reasonable doubt. Your lawyer will also be looking to make sure your
constitutional rights were not violated and are not being violated. They’ll
look for flaws in the arrest process, they’ll look for evidence of a culpable
third-party, etc. Basically, they have to build a case from scratch. Meanwhile,
the prosecution has already built their case against you, and may choose to
continue to develop it further. Often, a defense lawyer will challenge the
State at a preliminary hearing to prove that they at least have enough evidence
to go to trial. This also allows the defense to get a preview of what the State’s
evidence against them may be. If the case goes to trial, this will be the first
time this case is presented to a jury.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">However, most cases will
not go to trial. Most people will take a plea agreement, which is when you
agree to plead guilty to certain charges, usually in exchange for either lower charges
or a lesser punishment.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">But let’s say you and
your lawyer and the prosecutor go through then entire process and you never
plead out. You’ll go to trial, they’ll present all their evidence, and a
decision of guilty or not guilty will be made either by a jury or a judge. That’s
when the appeal process can start. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Direct Appeal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A direct appeal happens
directly after a guilty ruling is made. When asking for a direct appeal, you’re
basically asking to have a higher court re-examine the case in hopes that they
will make a different decision about what evidence could be used against you,
or whether the evidence against you was sufficient to convict you.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">So, let’s say for
whatever reason, you didn’t take a plea agreement and were handed a guilty
verdict. Maybe you believe that with the evidence presented, the verdict was
wrong. Or perhaps your issue is with the overly-harsh sentence rather than the
verdict itself. Either way, you and your lawyers think something went wrong,
and when convicted of a crime, you have the right to try and correct it.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In direct appeal, you
are completely limited to whatever is on the record already from the trial
process. You cannot bring in new evidence or take out evidence you don’t like,
other than to argue that the trial judge illegally let certain evidence in or
kept certain evidence out. For example, if an illegal stop and search came in
through a trial judge, you could argue in appeals why the evidence used in the
illegal search shouldn’t have been relied upon.You can make different
arguments, such as saying the evidence used shouldn’t have been given
credibility, but overall you’re very limited in what else you can say. Because
of this, arguments made during appeals typically question the legality of various
rulings or the sentencing, rather than the facts of the case. If, for example,
you wanted to bring in a newly discovered DNA test, you would have to petition
for PCR.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Post-Conviction Relief</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PCR happens after the
direct appeal process. The difference between appeals and post-conviction
relief (PCR) is still a bit confusing to me, but my understanding is that PCR
is a legal process that allows a convicted prisoner to bring in new evidence or
to challenge the constitutionally of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">process
</i>that convicted them (e.g., to argue that their lawyer didn’t adequately
defend them, so their constitutional right to a lawyer was violated). So, if
new information is found, if the law changes, if a credible claim that a
defense lawyer was inadequate, etc., then an evidentiary hearing is held to
present the new information. This is overseen by the original trial judge (not
an appellate court) and that judge makes a ruling as to whether they will grant
relief. Relief can include a new trial, release from prison, and more. It just
depends on the circumstances. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">In PCR, you have to
create a new record, basically. The only evidence that can be used is the
evidence from the PCR evidentiary hearing. From there, you can go through a new
appeals process, but you can only use the record created by the evidentiary hearing
to debate whether your PCR should have been granted (i.e., you can’t usually
re-argue things from your direct appeal).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br />
<span style="color: black;">This is complex topic, and there’s so much more I
could talk about, but these are my general understandings of the process for now.
I hope this makes things easier when reading my blog and understanding my
project. I’m excited to start work on other PCR and appeals cases next week.</span></span>Rachel Kuntzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04939420057957079187noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2305573248611884484.post-51598118332479670232016-02-19T16:32:00.000-08:002016-02-19T16:32:18.379-08:00February 15-19<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Hello Readers,</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This week I did more week on the case I talked about last week. Arizona Innocence Project is in the process of filing a brief, written by Collen Maring, trying to uphold the ruling they got from the Arizona Court of Appeals. My role is basically a fact-checker. I go through the trial transcript and other available documents and cite the quotes that Colleen wants to include. I also make sure that the things we are looking for actually exist and we can back them up. It’s important that we don’t distort facts or take them out of context, because unlike in trial law, we are limited in the documents we can use. If a fact cannot be found in the trial transcript, it doesn’t exist.</span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">This can be a tedious task, because it requires a lot of flipping through papers, hoping I can find the part of the transcript that best supports Colleen’s argument. It can be very disappointing to find bad news (“That witness that seemed great? He actually doesn’t help us at all”). But it is also very rewarding to find good quotes and citations that strengthen the case. And, even though it’s disappointing to realize that an argument isn’t supported by the transcript, it’s important to find out early on, when we still have lots of time to edit the argument. </span></div>
<div dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.295; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;">
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Another part of my role is to go through and find factual arguments that support our case that aren’t already included. I’ve only barely begun this process, but it’s very exciting for me, because contributing my own ideas and interpretations forces me to think about the case from a completely new perspective, and gives me a much deeper understanding of the case.</span></div>
<span style="background-color: transparent; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Next week I’ll be doing some work for a trial case and I hope to compare and contrast that process with the appellate process. </span>Rachel Kuntzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04939420057957079187noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2305573248611884484.post-40087644269302676552016-02-12T17:15:00.000-08:002016-02-12T17:15:12.320-08:00February 8-12<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Hello Readers,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Welcome back to the blog previously titled “The Status
of Juvenile Conviction as Adults in Arizona.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This week, the goal was to familiarize myself with the
case I will be assisting until the beginning of March. So I sat down, read over
200 pages of Evidentiary Hearing transcripts, motions, etc. to try and figure
out what is going on with this case. And I’m sure that’s what everyone wants to
hear about: what is going on with this case?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">For confidentiality reasons, I can’t disclose any
names or identifying facts, but I’ll tell you what I can, and then I’ll tell
you what my role is going forward.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In the state of Arizona, the person who I will be
referring to as John Doe was accused of murdering a stranger. And there was
some circumstantial evidence against John: he was in the same place at the same
time that the murder took place, he was armed (the victim was killed by
gunshot), and there were no witnesses to say John hadn’t committed the act. But
there was also “scientific” evidence against John. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">And at the time, this was considered rock-solid
evidence. And John reacted the way many falsely accused people react when such
damaging evidence is presented: he started to believe he had done it. He saw
the evidence that seemingly directly linked him to the crime and he thought
“How can I argue with that? I must have accidentally shot this person.” </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">So that’s what he and his lawyer argued in court. With
such damaging “scientific” evidence, they couldn’t say he hadn’t done it. So
instead they said he had, but he had done so accidentally. He was convicted of
manslaughter and went to jail for a decade.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Years later, it came out that this “science” that had been
used was proved to be completely baseless, and cannot be used as evidence. And
with this revelation, there was finally hope.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Where are we now? The Arizona Court of Appeals has
thrown out the guilty verdict on this case, agreeing that the new findings on
this evidence would have changed the entire case. AIP’s goal is to keep this
ruling. This week, I have been familiarizing myself with the case and the
arguments being made by both sides. I have read through the most important
transcripts and motions.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Right now, I’m excited about this case. My goals for
next week are to learn more about the appellate process, as well as look into a
specific brief for the case.</span></div>
Rachel Kuntzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04939420057957079187noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2305573248611884484.post-20311596863582958922016-02-05T10:53:00.000-08:002016-02-05T10:53:08.250-08:00An Introduction and an Evolution<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">My name is Rachel Kuntz, and I’m a senior at BASIS
Flagstaff. My blog and research project are currently named “The Status of
Juvenile Conviction as Adults in Arizona,” but that may be a misleading title
at this point, since my project has drastically evolved since it started. </span>
</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Several months ago I reached out to Arizona Innocence
Project, an organization that provides representation for incarcerated people
who claim to have been falsely convicted. AIP seeks to free these innocent
people. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">When I met with Colleen Maring, she informed me that
the project had only a small handful of people claiming innocence who had been
convicted as adults when they were juveniles, and she wanted to know why. Are
juveniles in Arizona simply not at a high risk of being falsely convicted as
adults in Arizona? And if they were, how could AIP reach out to this group? </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I explored the first question in a literature review,
where I looked the current Arizona and Federal law regarding trying juveniles
as adults, and scientific articles that suggested juveniles may be at higher
risk of false conviction. Studies involving false confession and juvenile
impulse control suggested that yes, juveniles are more likely to confess to
crimes they did not commit, and may be more likely to be falsely convicted. One
study also showed that juveniles convicted as adults may receive harsher
sentences than their young adult counterparts. As far as the law, Arizona
legislation changed in 2010, setting much stricter standards for trying
juveniles as adults. However, juveniles convicted before the change in
legislation still may be at risk, and therefore still a group that could need
AIP’s services.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The second question, however, became irrelevant
recently because AIP will no longer be at NAU after this semester, and
exploring an outreach program for this group would no longer be helpful or
implementable. So, with this change happening at the start of my internship, it
is hard to tell the exact direction in which my project will be progressing. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">But Colleen Maring is currently working on an
appellate case that will be the bulk of her focus for the month of February.
I’ve been given the information for this case and slowly but surely been
reading the hundreds of pages of transcripts and motions. This case is
particularly interesting because I have absolutely no experience with appellate
court cases. In my experience working for a criminal defense attorney and
participating in Mock Trial, I feel fairly familiar with trial lawyering, and
I’m interested to see how it compares to the appellate process. Overall I’m
excited to enter into this process and see the changes in my research project.
I am thrilled to be involved in this case and other appellate cases and to
learn about this system.</span></div>
Rachel Kuntzhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04939420057957079187noreply@blogger.com8